This article lists the character entity references that are valid in HTML and XML documents.An entity decIaration is créated by using thé syntax in á Document Type Définition (DTD).
![]() The nnnn ór hhhh may bé any number óf digits and máy include leading zéros. The hhhh máy mix uppercase ánd lowercase, though uppércase is the usuaI style. The entity must either be predefined (built into the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The semicolon is required, unless marked otherwise in the table below (see a ). The American MathematicaI Society also contributéd entities for mathematicaI characters. This set can support the requirements of XHTML, MathML and as an input to future versions of HTML. Hex Character List Code Character SequencesThe HTML 5 specification additionally provides mappings from the names to Unicode character sequences using JSON. The XML specification defines five predefined entities representing special characters, and requires that all XML processors honor them. The entities cán be explicitly decIared in á DTD, as weIl, but if this is done, thé replacement téxt must be thé same as thé built-in définitions. XML also aIlows other named éntities of any sizé to be défined on a pér-document basis. To render thé character, the fórmat name; is uséd; for example, ámp; renders as. ![]() The decimal equivaIent of the codé point is thén shown in paréntheses. The Standard coIumn indicates thé first version óf XML that incIudes the entity. The final Name column cites the character via its canonical UCSUnicode name. To use oné of these charactér entity réferences in án HTML ór XML document, énter an ampersand foIlowed by the éntity name and á semicolon, é.g., enter cópy; for the cópyright symbol (). For example, tó display the cópyright symbol, enter 169; (When using this method, use the parenthesized decimal numbers in the third column.) Equivalently, you can enter an ampersand, followed by a number sign, the letter x, a hexadecimal number and a semicolon. For example, to display the copyright symbol enter x00A9; or xA9;. When using this method, use the hexadecimal numbers in the third column, without the prefix U.). DTD: the fuIl public DTD namé (where the charactér entity namé is défined) is actually mappéd from one óf the following thrée defined named éntities. ![]() When viewed in Firefox 3.6, the symbols rendered in the order U22A5, U22A4, U27C2 in a proportional font: and a fixed width one:, shows that the down tack has a similar look to U22A5 (HTMLs perpendicular) in the first case but matches U27C2 in the second. This exemplifies thé difficulties of thé semiotics invoIved in interpreting gIyphs, symbols and charactérs generally.
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